> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://jirlong.gitbook.io/html/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://jirlong.gitbook.io/html/htmlcss/bootstrap/grid-and-spacing.md).

# Grid and spacing

{% embed url="<https://www.loom.com/share/3e7247408a784153a8befe262bf19313>" %}

## BS04. 排版系統 Grid system

為了便利使用者設計版面，bootstrap通常以12等分作為切割等寬欄位的基準，並且讓使用者得以利用class來指定他要怎麼切割這12個等寬欄位。

* 首先要指定一個`<div class="row">`之後在其中再建立其他`<div>`
* `.col-sm-4`其中的`sm`所指的是這個版面要給平板電腦用的，其他的代號包含`xs` for phones、`md` for desktops、and `lg` for larger desktops。

![](https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/jAsyy4QKTYBA8wY5ukE7Y5IWo1eYLivRahN3psQ0M32nKnCkFEpSMip6z8-nzfyd7bU69nzsuJHCRg42uWh8-CXKtpaX8E0_QaEenqoZ5lIZv34VVtErxpwy8GoPvsxZTXRvULsF)

| ![](https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/8t2cqOW6tJ50h3hCEbgEVNZEpF8nGUC7ClWfRp-2LCxTtthtcoy3K_BWA0_TlPrzFgSdXETFnkRrhzgEE6kYQLUThqOAqN3UR4pRAaAtbg4cqUDM0-iaQ8B4sM-lM8nCqRsAMVvo) | ![](https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/N8LQLf8aTX_qIb_vZ7C9M__zb6-KctKL7CjRzEp1Ts5vndKG41p8gV7KrOalta5jHmjO-aYdqYURZN24lh9aXmy0tB3BO1Vokuj5x9ADkG2C07LUoszYWKpPRceslb8J1fKt-dyg) |
| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| 將一列的版面切割為4:4:4三塊。                                                                                                                                                               | 將一列的版面切割為4:8兩個不等的區塊。                                                                                                                                                            |

### 刻意在左方來作為留白。

![](https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/17G8oNmfbT3Z38DE82JsTbZD0gN-zg5yJ2Lt6dAfq109flME5cru8--jEJ1F4QBgEVsKa4KaHi4HHfVjuVZzjTgf6U_vQW5u-4UcTAfStSlCE1uK66bq-4fNxAVYKNo7ZMde4Ikd)

若希望在grid排版上能夠左邊空出4，然後只留下右邊8，一來可以用上面那種辦法，先做一個空的.col-sm-4的\<div>，再做一個.col-sm-8的\<div>。但事實上，如果你始終不會用到左邊那區塊的話，可以用 來製作間隔

```markup
<div id="about" class="container-fluid">
    <div class="row">
        <div class="col-sm-3"></div>
        <div class="col-sm-9">
            <h2>About us</h2>
            <h4>hahaha</h4>
            <p>hehehe</p>
        </div>
    </div>
</div>
```

參考資料 <http://getbootstrap.com/css/>

#### 標準寫法：使用offset

```markup
<div id="intro" class="container-fluid">
    <div class="row">
        <div class="col-sm-9 offset-3">
            <h2>About us</h2></div>
    </div>
</div>
```

### BS04.1 Grid system for RWD

See <https://getbootstrap.com/docs/4.0/layout/grid/>

Bootstrap在3.0與4.5版分別提供四到五個等級的「斷點」，為預設的不同瀏覽器大小，讓程式設計師可以用指派class，就設定好因應不同螢幕大小的排版。一共分為以下五階層。

![https://getbootstrap.com/docs/4.0/layout/grid/](/files/-MK7jdS-zrqlv4JF_CrT)

```css
// Extra small devices (portrait phones, less than 576px)
@media (max-width: 575px) { ... }

// Small devices (landscape phones, 576px and up)
@media (min-width: 576px) and (max-width: 767px) { ... }

// Medium devices (tablets, 768px and up)
@media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 991px) { ... }

// Large devices (desktops, 992px and up)
@media (min-width: 992px) and (max-width: 1199px) { ... }

// Extra large devices (large desktops, 1200px and up)
@media (min-width: 1200px) { ... }
```

當程式碼如以下指定，代表我們希望這些元件在不同螢幕大小時有不一樣的表現

```markup
<!-- Stack the columns on mobile by making one full-width and the other half-width -->
<div class="row">
  <div class="col-12 col-md-8">.col-12 .col-md-8</div>
  <div class="col-6 col-md-4">.col-6 .col-md-4</div>
</div>

<!-- Columns start at 50% wide on mobile and bump up to 33.3% wide on desktop -->
<div class="row">
  <div class="col-6 col-md-4">.col-6 .col-md-4</div>
  <div class="col-6 col-md-4">.col-6 .col-md-4</div>
  <div class="col-6 col-md-4">.col-6 .col-md-4</div>
</div>

<!-- Columns are always 50% wide, on mobile and desktop -->
<div class="row">
  <div class="col-6">.col-6</div>
  <div class="col-6">.col-6</div>
</div>
```

以上面的code而言，那螢幕夠大的時候看起來應該是如下圖，目前是照三個.col-md-4來排版。

![](https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/5foARbU-nLbKpcpLYEruLlZnH269k42dLh3PYlEqphPqtkcMmL6HDVi9-8Hv6KKrkjebMEavH8ZhQstoA8m-KJF8ZrVrfFmscXrZhr_mF1bor1hoM3NGe1t9ftGqCpikeuXDflTd)

若是螢幕太小的話，那就會變成按照`.col-6`來排版，那就是兩個`col-6`，所以中間那列的元件會排成兩欄如下。

![](https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/WxEOEYcm628WN08Zkl_XwoVDt-MtB4sRsJ80ykP9Pcooi0i4I2Y-uPR8wDKL3CWRGFIHqwdgWf-L7hF2fioF4v7MNHbsYDDs1SJOKUB8zYiIkVREjIs7IIQifmKqDQ5FZEVOpPxf)

### \<Practice> #1. 用grid system完成剩下的division

### \<Practice> #2 Footer

About glyphicon, take a look at <http://www.w3schools.com/bootstrap/bootstrap_ref_comp_glyphs.asp>

{% tabs %}
{% tab title="HTML" %}

```markup
<body id="myPage">
...
<footer class="container-fluid text-center">
    <a href="#myPage" title="back to top">
        <span class="glyphicon glyphicon-triangle-top"></span>
    </a>
    <p>Made By ji-lung</p>
</footer>
```

{% endtab %}

{% tab title="CSS" %}

```css
footer {
    background-color: #2d2d30;
    color: #f5f5f5;
    padding: 32px;
}
```

{% endtab %}
{% endtabs %}

### BS04.1 Layout:clearfix

<https://getbootstrap.com/docs/4.0/utilities/clearfix/>

主要是提供`clear:both`功能的class。

```markup
<div class="bg-info clearfix">
  <button type="button" class="btn btn-secondary float-left">Example Button floated left</button>
  <button type="button" class="btn btn-secondary float-right">Example Button floated right</button>
</div>
```

![](/files/-MK7eFMq16FXakayanzI)

## BS05. Spacing: Margin and Padding

See <https://getbootstrap.com/docs/4.0/utilities/spacing/>

### Examples

```css
.mt-0 {
  margin-top: 0 !important;
}
.ml-1 {
  margin-left: ($spacer * .25) !important;
}
.px-2 {
  padding-left: ($spacer * .5) !important;
  padding-right: ($spacer * .5) !important;
}
.p-3 {
  padding: $spacer !important;
}
```

<https://getbootstrap.com/docs/4.0/utilities/spacing/>

Where *property* is one of:

* `m` - for classes that set `margin`
* `p` - for classes that set `padding`

Where *sides* is one of:

* `t` - for classes that set `margin-top` or `padding-top`
* `b` - for classes that set `margin-bottom` or `padding-bottom`
* `l` - for classes that set `margin-left` or `padding-left`
* `r` - for classes that set `margin-right` or `padding-right`
* `x` - for classes that set both `*-left` and `*-right`
* `y` - for classes that set both `*-top` and `*-bottom`
* blank - for classes that set a `margin` or `padding` on all 4 sides of the element

Where *size* is one of:

* `0` - for classes that eliminate the `margin` or `padding` by setting it to `0`
* `1` - (by default) for classes that set the `margin` or `padding` to `$spacer * .25`
* `2` - (by default) for classes that set the `margin` or `padding` to `$spacer * .5`
* `3` - (by default) for classes that set the `margin` or `padding` to `$spacer`
* `4` - (by default) for classes that set the `margin` or `padding` to `$spacer * 1.5`
* `5` - (by default) for classes that set the `margin` or `padding` to `$spacer * 3`
* `auto` - for classes that set the `margin` to auto